The great Peninsular kingdoms. (main ideas)

--The Christian kingdoms defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.
--By the end of the 13th century, the Christian kingdoms had conquered all the Muslim territory except Granada.
--Two different types of Gothic architecture developed on the Iberian Peninsula: one that used rich decoration and another with very little decoration.
--Gil de Siloé and Pere Joan were famous Gothic sculptors.
--The miniatures of the Cantigas de Alfonso X are an example of Gothic painting.

The great Peninsular kingdoms. (vocab.)

- wool                         - Cortes                         - drovers´road
- inherit                      - shipyard                     - high clergy
- plague                     - remences                   - transhumance

The formation and expansion of the peninsular kingdoms. (vocabulary)

- reconquest                              - pilgrim                             - parias
- settlement letter                     - ressetlement                  - Mudéjar
- Marca Hipánica                      - synagogue                     - Mozarab

Medieval Cities vocabulary.

- triennial rotation                 - guild                         - revolt
- bourgeoisie                         - trade                         - plough
- windmill                                - Gothic                      - patrician

The great Peninsular kingdoms. (introduction)

--During the 12th and 13th centuries,the Christians kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Castile and Leon, Navarre, and the Crown of Aragon) became more powerful.These kingdoms extendedtheir power by conquering Muslim territory.
--In Catile, the economy was bsed on wool and the nobles had great socila influence.At the same time, the Crown of Aragon became an important centre of trade with a powerful bourgeoisie.
--In the second half of the 14th century, a social and economic crisis affected Europe, including the Peninsular kingdoms. The power of the nobility grew in this period at the extense of the peasants.

The reconquest in the 11th and 12th centuries. (Main ideas)

- From the 78th to the 10th century, the kingdoms of Asturias, Leon and Castile began the
  reconquest of territory from the Muslims.
-  Charlemagne created the Marca Hispánica to defend his territory from Muslim armies.
-  The Marca Hipánica was divided into counties that eventually gained independence 
   from Frankish rule.
-  The Christian kingdoms conquered the Tgus and the Ebro river valleys.
-  The Muslims in al-Andalus asked Muslimsin North Africa for military help and regained     
  some of the territory.
-  The Christian kingdoms won territory back and resettled it.They built monasteries and   
   gave land to free peasants.
-  The Christians in al-Andalus remained faithful to their religion.They were called 
    Mozarabs.
-  In the Christian territory, Muslims were called Mudéjars.
-  The Mudéjars were forced to convert to Christianity and were renamed Moors.(Despective form).

The reconquest in the 11th and 12th centuries.

The formation and expansion of the peninsular kingdoms. (information)

    In the 8th century, the majority of the Iberian Peninsula was occupied by Muslims, who had created the kingdom of al-Andalus.
    In the Cordilera Cantábrica, a small group of Christians survived the Muslim conquests and established the Kingdom of Asturias.
    In the Pyrenees, the group of counties known as the Marca Hispánica gained independence from Frankish Rule.
    In the 11th century, the Muslims began losing territory to the Christian kingdoms.The reconquest of the Peninsula had begun.
  

Medieval Cities information.

- New technical innovations nad farming tools.
- Guilds: groups of people of the same work, grouped themselves together in a business 
                associations.
- Charlemagne divided the kingdom among his sons, one surviving son: Louis the Pious 
  died , next, the other three sons, Charles, Louis and Lothair.
- They signed the Treaty of Verdum (843),to confirm the division of the empire.  Next,     
   Lothair died so divide the empire into two.

A Gothic Cathedral

Medieval cities

Middle Ages ( interesting web page )

In the page ( http://www.medieval-life.net/ ) you can find some information about Middle Ages.

Feudal Europe (Middle Ages) IMAGES

A medieval monastery.

A peasants house.

A Romanesque church.

A Medieval castle.

Feudal Europe (Middle Ages)

- Feudalism is a new political, economic and social system that appeared in western Europe.


- Feudal society: king, high nobility,high clergy, knights, nobility and monks are the three first classes, the privileged ones. Next, artisans and peasants that are the non-privileged classes of the society.    


- The peasants had to pay taxes in different ways:
 -peasant´s land
 -crops or animals
 -days of obligatory labour
 -a small fee


- The king and feudal lords lived in castles.They were also places of refuge for peasants, artisans and clergy when the kingdom is under attack.

- Romanesque church: 
  -The floor plan was in the shape of a Latin cross.
  -They used a barrel vault and buttresses to strengthen the  
    exterior walls.
  -The windows were small and there was usually a bell tower to
    announce the time for payer and to use as a watchtower. 
  -Round arcs.
  -Big pillars.