Cristopher Colombus
Amerigo Vespucci
Ferdinand Magellan
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
sábado, 2 de junio de 2012
Important people that you should know.
Cristopher Colombus
Amerigo Vespucci
Ferdinand Magellan
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
The treaty of Torresillas.
When Colombus discovered America, the Catholic Monarchs asked the Pope for permission to rule and evangelise the new territory.
Portugal also wanted to control the sea and the territory explored by its navigators. To avoid conflict between the two nations, the Treaty of Torresillas was signed in 1494.
The Treaty of Torresillas divided the newly discovered territories between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 degrees west of the Cape Verde Islands. All territories west of the line belonged to Castile, and all territories east of the line belonged to Portugal.
Portugal also wanted to control the sea and the territory explored by its navigators. To avoid conflict between the two nations, the Treaty of Torresillas was signed in 1494.
The Treaty of Torresillas divided the newly discovered territories between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 degrees west of the Cape Verde Islands. All territories west of the line belonged to Castile, and all territories east of the line belonged to Portugal.
The Great Geographical discoveries (vocabulary)
- Astrolabe
- Mestizos
- Magellan
- Caravel
- Black slaves
- Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
- Compass
- House of trade
- Treaty Of Torresillas.
- Criollos
- Cristopher Colombus
- Pre-columbian civilizations
- Mestizos
- Magellan
- Caravel
- Black slaves
- Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
- Compass
- House of trade
- Treaty Of Torresillas.
- Criollos
- Cristopher Colombus
- Pre-columbian civilizations
The conquest and organisation of the American Empire.
The crown of Castile conquered American territory thanks to its military superiority because it exploited the divisions between the indigenous peoples.
THE GREAT EXPEDITIONS:
-Mexico. This conquest was led by Hernán Cortes, who founded the city of Veracruz. He conquered the Aztecs.
-Peru.This conquest was led by Francisco Pizarro, the territories of the Inca Empire. Today, these territories included Peru, Ecuador and part of Bolivia.
In 1533, the colonisers executed the Inca emperor, Atahualpa.
THE ORGANISATION OF THE CONQUERED TERRITORIES:
The conquered territories were part of the Crown of Castile. The language,culture and lawswere imposed in these territories.
Two administrative areas were established, New Spain and Peru.
Cabildos(mayors) were also appointed to govern cities, and courts established to impart justice.
THE EXPLOITATIO OF RESOURCES:
The new territories were divided among the colonisers.
TRADE IN AMERICA:
Extensive mining was carried out in America and all was sent back to Spain. Other exports were new to Europe.
Castile also imported goods to America. The Casa de Contratación (House of trade), in Seville, regulated trade between Spain and America.
COLONIAL SOCIETY:
Most of the population was indigenous, Spaniards had political and economic power.
Different social groups:
-Criollos: descendants of the colonisers.
-Mestizos: one Spanish and one indigenous parent.
-Black slaves: were brought from Africa.
The colonisation affected the demographics of the indigenous peoples in some areas the local population disappeared completely.
THE GREAT EXPEDITIONS:
-Mexico. This conquest was led by Hernán Cortes, who founded the city of Veracruz. He conquered the Aztecs.
-Peru.This conquest was led by Francisco Pizarro, the territories of the Inca Empire. Today, these territories included Peru, Ecuador and part of Bolivia.
In 1533, the colonisers executed the Inca emperor, Atahualpa.
THE ORGANISATION OF THE CONQUERED TERRITORIES:
The conquered territories were part of the Crown of Castile. The language,culture and lawswere imposed in these territories.
Two administrative areas were established, New Spain and Peru.
Cabildos(mayors) were also appointed to govern cities, and courts established to impart justice.
THE EXPLOITATIO OF RESOURCES:
The new territories were divided among the colonisers.
TRADE IN AMERICA:
Extensive mining was carried out in America and all was sent back to Spain. Other exports were new to Europe.
Castile also imported goods to America. The Casa de Contratación (House of trade), in Seville, regulated trade between Spain and America.
COLONIAL SOCIETY:
Most of the population was indigenous, Spaniards had political and economic power.
Different social groups:
-Criollos: descendants of the colonisers.
-Mestizos: one Spanish and one indigenous parent.
-Black slaves: were brought from Africa.
The colonisation affected the demographics of the indigenous peoples in some areas the local population disappeared completely.
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| American flag nowadays. |
Pre-columbian peoples.
When the Europeans arrived in America, they found advanced civilizations and great empires.
Because Colombus believed that he had arrived in India, he called the local inhabitants Indians. However, today, these civilizations are called pre-Columbian, which means before the arrival of Colombus.
-MAYAS:
lived in Central America and they worked mainly in agriculture, astronomy and mathematics, they used hieroglyphs.
-AZTECS:
lived in the Valley of Mexico and they founded important cities like Tenochtitlan.
-INCAS:
lived in high pateaus of the Andes and they worked in agriculture.
Because Colombus believed that he had arrived in India, he called the local inhabitants Indians. However, today, these civilizations are called pre-Columbian, which means before the arrival of Colombus.
-MAYAS:
lived in Central America and they worked mainly in agriculture, astronomy and mathematics, they used hieroglyphs.
-AZTECS:
lived in the Valley of Mexico and they founded important cities like Tenochtitlan.
-INCAS:
lived in high pateaus of the Andes and they worked in agriculture.
Summary (discoveries)
Cristopher Colombus, a navigator believed to be from Genoa, thought he could reach the Spice Islands by crossing the Atlantic. Hw knew the Earth was round but he thought taht it was much smaller. He did not know thta the continent of America existed.
Colombus presented his project to the Catholic Monarchs. Quenn Isabella signed the Capitulations of Santa Fe in 1492, agreeing to finance his voyage.
Colombus project was based on two ideas:
- The Earth was round.But he calculated the diameter incorrectly.
- The ocean was the only thing separating Europe and Asia. He didn't know about America.
In 1513, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa led an expedition taht crossed the isthmus of Panama. It was there that he discovered a new ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and confirmed that America was a new continent.
The name of America comes from Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator who explored the coasts of the New World after Colombus. He claimed to be the first person to set food on the new continent.
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition to find a sea route connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.This expedition was the first voyage around the world.
Colombus presented his project to the Catholic Monarchs. Quenn Isabella signed the Capitulations of Santa Fe in 1492, agreeing to finance his voyage.
Colombus project was based on two ideas:
- The Earth was round.But he calculated the diameter incorrectly.
- The ocean was the only thing separating Europe and Asia. He didn't know about America.
In 1513, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa led an expedition taht crossed the isthmus of Panama. It was there that he discovered a new ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and confirmed that America was a new continent.
The name of America comes from Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator who explored the coasts of the New World after Colombus. He claimed to be the first person to set food on the new continent.
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition to find a sea route connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.This expedition was the first voyage around the world.
Technical advances.
- Navigation maps of coasts and ports are called portolan charts.-The rudder, the compass and the astrolabe, which allowed ships to navigate more accurately.
The Great Geographical discoveries. (introduction)
At the end of the 15th century, technical advances allowed Europeans to go on maritime expeditions to discover new trade routes. As well as the African coast and the Spice Islands, explorers discovered the continent of America and made the first voyage around the world.
European civilisations expanded to all the continents, creating large colonial empires. In America, the Spanish and Portuguese conquered the indigenous civilisations.They then imposed their culture and religion, and exploited local resources and people.
European civilisations expanded to all the continents, creating large colonial empires. In America, the Spanish and Portuguese conquered the indigenous civilisations.They then imposed their culture and religion, and exploited local resources and people.
jueves, 24 de mayo de 2012
Vocabulary: (The Renaissance and the Reformation)
-Humanism: a new way of understanding the world developed in the 15th and 16th centuries.
-Renaissance: a change in thought led to a new cultural movement based on classical secular art.
-Protestant reformation: in this period, people began to criticise the corruption and abuses of the Catholic Church. This unrest led to a reform movement.
-Patron: is someone who gives money and support to a person or organisation and their
activities.
-Perspective: the technique that gives paintings a three dimensional character.
-Printing press: a machine invented in the 15th century for producing text and images in large quantities.
- Protestant: a member of the Christian church that broke from the Catholic Church during the Reformation.
-Reformation: the movement to reform the Catholic Church that led to the Protestant churches in the 16th century.
-Renaissance: a change in thought led to a new cultural movement based on classical secular art.
-Protestant reformation: in this period, people began to criticise the corruption and abuses of the Catholic Church. This unrest led to a reform movement.
-Patron: is someone who gives money and support to a person or organisation and their
activities.
-Perspective: the technique that gives paintings a three dimensional character.
-Printing press: a machine invented in the 15th century for producing text and images in large quantities.
- Protestant: a member of the Christian church that broke from the Catholic Church during the Reformation.
-Reformation: the movement to reform the Catholic Church that led to the Protestant churches in the 16th century.
domingo, 13 de mayo de 2012
The Reformation.
At the end of the Middle Ages, people began to question the attitudes of high clergy.
The protestant Reformation began with Lutheranism:salvation throught faith and Bible.
Other protestant doctrines included Calvinism and Anglicanism.
Martin Luther: (Lutheranism).
Lutheranism was based on 3 fundamental principles:
- salvation throught faith alone
- universal priesthood
- authority of the Bible
Lutherans believes on Lutheranism:
- each man could interpret the Bible alone
- without the invention of the church
Catholic Counter-Reformation.
The spread of the Reformation in Europe led the Catholic authorities in Rome to persecute Protestants and begin and reform of their own church.
The Reform of the Catholic Church was known as the Counter-Reformation.
It began with the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
The Council reaffirmed the main dogmas of Catholicism.
- faith
- the sanctity of mass
- the seven sacraments
- worship of virgin and saints
The protestant Reformation began with Lutheranism:salvation throught faith and Bible.
Other protestant doctrines included Calvinism and Anglicanism.
Martin Luther: (Lutheranism).
Lutheranism was based on 3 fundamental principles:
- salvation throught faith alone
- universal priesthood
- authority of the Bible
Lutherans believes on Lutheranism:
- each man could interpret the Bible alone
- without the invention of the church
Catholic Counter-Reformation.
The spread of the Reformation in Europe led the Catholic authorities in Rome to persecute Protestants and begin and reform of their own church.
The Reform of the Catholic Church was known as the Counter-Reformation.
It began with the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
The Council reaffirmed the main dogmas of Catholicism.
- faith
- the sanctity of mass
- the seven sacraments
- worship of virgin and saints
The Renaissance and the Reformation.
* Summary:
- In the 15th and 16th centuries, a new way of understanding the world developed, called humanism (began in Italy).
- This change in thought led to a new cultural movement based on classical secular art called the Renaissance.
- In this period, people began to criticise the corruption and abuses of the Catholic church. This unrest led to a reform movement known as the Protestant Reformation. Christianity in Europe became divided between Catholics and Protestants.
- German Johannes Gutemberg invented the Printing Press.
- In the 15th and 16th centuries, a new way of understanding the world developed, called humanism (began in Italy).
- This change in thought led to a new cultural movement based on classical secular art called the Renaissance.
- In this period, people began to criticise the corruption and abuses of the Catholic church. This unrest led to a reform movement known as the Protestant Reformation. Christianity in Europe became divided between Catholics and Protestants.
- German Johannes Gutemberg invented the Printing Press.
jueves, 15 de marzo de 2012
The Black Death.
- Fleas bit infected rats.
- When an infected flea beat a human, it became infected (the blood).
- Symptoms:
· Swellings on necks and armpits.
· Black or purple spots on other parts of the body, as the nose or tips of fingers.
- 3 types of plagues:
· Bubonic plague, spread from flea bites. One week of life.
· Pneumatic plague, attacked the respiratory system and spread by breathing. 2 days of life.
· A rares version attacked the blood system.
- Consequences:
· Black death killed at least 75 million people in Europe alone.
· Historians said it killed as many as 150 million people, 60% of the European population.
- When an infected flea beat a human, it became infected (the blood).
- Symptoms:
· Swellings on necks and armpits.
· Black or purple spots on other parts of the body, as the nose or tips of fingers.
- 3 types of plagues:
· Bubonic plague, spread from flea bites. One week of life.
· Pneumatic plague, attacked the respiratory system and spread by breathing. 2 days of life.
· A rares version attacked the blood system.
- Consequences:
· Black death killed at least 75 million people in Europe alone.
· Historians said it killed as many as 150 million people, 60% of the European population.
The Renaissance and the Reformation (introduction).
-- In the 15th and 16th centuries, a new way of understanding the world developed, called humanism.
-- Humanism focused on human values and looked bck to the classical cultures of Greece and Rome. This cange in thought led to a new cultural movement based on classical secular art called the Renaissance.
-- During this period, people began to criticise the corruption and abuses of the Catholic Church. This inresst led to a reform movement known as the Protestant Reformation. Christianity in Europe became divided between Catholic and Protestants.
-- Humanism focused on human values and looked bck to the classical cultures of Greece and Rome. This cange in thought led to a new cultural movement based on classical secular art called the Renaissance.
-- During this period, people began to criticise the corruption and abuses of the Catholic Church. This inresst led to a reform movement known as the Protestant Reformation. Christianity in Europe became divided between Catholic and Protestants.
The Modern Age
- In the west, the Modern Age began at the end of the 15th century and continued until the end of the 18th century.
- Europe emerged from the crisis of the Middle Ages with new ways of thinking (humanism) and innovative ideas about art.
- An artist revolution began in Italy with the Renaissance ant then moved on to the Baroque.
- The Spanish Empire enjoyed a golden age in the 16th century, but then went into decline in the 17th century.
martes, 21 de febrero de 2012
The great Peninsular kingdoms. (main ideas)
--The Christian kingdoms defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.
--By the end of the 13th century, the Christian kingdoms had conquered all the Muslim territory except Granada.
--Two different types of Gothic architecture developed on the Iberian Peninsula: one that used rich decoration and another with very little decoration.
--Gil de Siloé and Pere Joan were famous Gothic sculptors.
--The miniatures of the Cantigas de Alfonso X are an example of Gothic painting.
--By the end of the 13th century, the Christian kingdoms had conquered all the Muslim territory except Granada.
--Two different types of Gothic architecture developed on the Iberian Peninsula: one that used rich decoration and another with very little decoration.
--Gil de Siloé and Pere Joan were famous Gothic sculptors.
--The miniatures of the Cantigas de Alfonso X are an example of Gothic painting.
The great Peninsular kingdoms. (vocab.)
- wool - Cortes - drovers´road
- inherit - shipyard - high clergy
- plague - remences - transhumance
- inherit - shipyard - high clergy
- plague - remences - transhumance
The formation and expansion of the peninsular kingdoms. (vocabulary)
- reconquest - pilgrim - parias
- settlement letter - ressetlement - Mudéjar
- Marca Hipánica - synagogue - Mozarab
- settlement letter - ressetlement - Mudéjar
- Marca Hipánica - synagogue - Mozarab
Medieval Cities vocabulary.
- triennial rotation - guild - revolt
- bourgeoisie - trade - plough
- windmill - Gothic - patrician
- bourgeoisie - trade - plough
- windmill - Gothic - patrician
The great Peninsular kingdoms. (introduction)
--During the 12th and 13th centuries,the Christians kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Castile and Leon, Navarre, and the Crown of Aragon) became more powerful.These kingdoms extendedtheir power by conquering Muslim territory.
--In Catile, the economy was bsed on wool and the nobles had great socila influence.At the same time, the Crown of Aragon became an important centre of trade with a powerful bourgeoisie.
--In the second half of the 14th century, a social and economic crisis affected Europe, including the Peninsular kingdoms. The power of the nobility grew in this period at the extense of the peasants.
--In Catile, the economy was bsed on wool and the nobles had great socila influence.At the same time, the Crown of Aragon became an important centre of trade with a powerful bourgeoisie.
--In the second half of the 14th century, a social and economic crisis affected Europe, including the Peninsular kingdoms. The power of the nobility grew in this period at the extense of the peasants.
The reconquest in the 11th and 12th centuries. (Main ideas)
- From the 78th to the 10th century, the kingdoms of Asturias, Leon and Castile began the
reconquest of territory from the Muslims.
- Charlemagne created the Marca Hispánica to defend his territory from Muslim armies.
- The Marca Hipánica was divided into counties that eventually gained independence
from Frankish rule.
- The Christian kingdoms conquered the Tgus and the Ebro river valleys.
- The Muslims in al-Andalus asked Muslimsin North Africa for military help and regained
some of the territory.
- The Christian kingdoms won territory back and resettled it.They built monasteries and
gave land to free peasants.
- The Christians in al-Andalus remained faithful to their religion.They were called
Mozarabs.
- In the Christian territory, Muslims were called Mudéjars.
- The Mudéjars were forced to convert to Christianity and were renamed Moors.(Despective form).
reconquest of territory from the Muslims.
- Charlemagne created the Marca Hispánica to defend his territory from Muslim armies.
- The Marca Hipánica was divided into counties that eventually gained independence
from Frankish rule.
- The Christian kingdoms conquered the Tgus and the Ebro river valleys.
- The Muslims in al-Andalus asked Muslimsin North Africa for military help and regained
some of the territory.
- The Christian kingdoms won territory back and resettled it.They built monasteries and
gave land to free peasants.
- The Christians in al-Andalus remained faithful to their religion.They were called
Mozarabs.
- In the Christian territory, Muslims were called Mudéjars.
- The Mudéjars were forced to convert to Christianity and were renamed Moors.(Despective form).
The formation and expansion of the peninsular kingdoms. (information)
In the 8th century, the majority of the Iberian Peninsula was occupied by Muslims, who had created the kingdom of al-Andalus.
In the Cordilera Cantábrica, a small group of Christians survived the Muslim conquests and established the Kingdom of Asturias.
In the Pyrenees, the group of counties known as the Marca Hispánica gained independence from Frankish Rule.
In the 11th century, the Muslims began losing territory to the Christian kingdoms.The reconquest of the Peninsula had begun.
In the Cordilera Cantábrica, a small group of Christians survived the Muslim conquests and established the Kingdom of Asturias.
In the Pyrenees, the group of counties known as the Marca Hispánica gained independence from Frankish Rule.
In the 11th century, the Muslims began losing territory to the Christian kingdoms.The reconquest of the Peninsula had begun.
Medieval Cities information.
- New technical innovations nad farming tools.
- Guilds: groups of people of the same work, grouped themselves together in a business
associations.
- Charlemagne divided the kingdom among his sons, one surviving son: Louis the Pious
died , next, the other three sons, Charles, Louis and Lothair.
- They signed the Treaty of Verdum (843),to confirm the division of the empire. Next,
Lothair died so divide the empire into two.
- Guilds: groups of people of the same work, grouped themselves together in a business
associations.
- Charlemagne divided the kingdom among his sons, one surviving son: Louis the Pious
died , next, the other three sons, Charles, Louis and Lothair.
- They signed the Treaty of Verdum (843),to confirm the division of the empire. Next,
Lothair died so divide the empire into two.
lunes, 20 de febrero de 2012
jueves, 16 de febrero de 2012
jueves, 9 de febrero de 2012
Feudal Europe (Middle Ages) IMAGES
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| A medieval monastery. |
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| A peasants house. |
 |
| A Romanesque church. |
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| A Medieval castle. |
Feudal Europe (Middle Ages)
- Feudalism is a new political, economic and social system that appeared in western Europe.
- Feudal society: king, high nobility,high clergy, knights, nobility and monks are the three first classes, the privileged ones. Next, artisans and peasants that are the non-privileged classes of the society.
- The peasants had to pay taxes in different ways:
-peasant´s land
-crops or animals
-days of obligatory labour
-a small fee
- The king and feudal lords lived in castles.They were also places of refuge for peasants, artisans and clergy when the kingdom is under attack.
- Romanesque church:
-The floor plan was in the shape of a Latin cross.
-They used a barrel vault and buttresses to strengthen the
exterior walls.
-The windows were small and there was usually a bell tower to
announce the time for payer and to use as a watchtower.
-Round arcs.
-Big pillars.
- Feudal society: king, high nobility,high clergy, knights, nobility and monks are the three first classes, the privileged ones. Next, artisans and peasants that are the non-privileged classes of the society.
- The peasants had to pay taxes in different ways:
-peasant´s land
-crops or animals
-days of obligatory labour
-a small fee
- The king and feudal lords lived in castles.They were also places of refuge for peasants, artisans and clergy when the kingdom is under attack.
- Romanesque church:
-The floor plan was in the shape of a Latin cross.
-They used a barrel vault and buttresses to strengthen the
exterior walls.
-The windows were small and there was usually a bell tower to
announce the time for payer and to use as a watchtower.
-Round arcs.
-Big pillars.
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